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Solar electric energy for residences

Doug Kerr

Well-known member
This is not, strictly speaking, a photographic offering, but I suspect it is of interest to many of the members.

The possibility of capturing solar radiation as electric energy by way of installations serving a single residence has become very important. Of course the technical aspects of this are very complicated, as are the economic aspects.

I have recently published on The Pumpkin a series of technical articles regarding various aspects of this field. The key article is probably this one, "Principles of residential solar electrical energy systems", which is indexed on the Pumpkin here:

http://dougkerr.net/Pumpkin/index.htm#Solar_energy_systems

Other articles are indexed starting here:

http://dougkerr.net/Pumpkin/index.htm#SolarEnergyQuantitiesUnits

Best regards,

Doug
 
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Doug Kerr

Well-known member
Well just to make this a real photographic offering, here are some shots of the solar electrical energy system here at Dos Palmas, our residence, in Alamogordo, N.M.

This shows the smaller of the two solar photovoltaic panel arrays (5 panels), on the roof of our garage:

R06340-01-s800.jpg

Douglas A. Kerr: Smaller solar panel array

The primary array (23 panels of this same type) is located on the rear roof of the main house.

Here we see (with some context) the array of equipment that processes the DC power from the panel arrays into AC and properly couples it to the electrical system of our house in a way such that power produced that is not at the moment needed by the house loads will be fed back to the power utility company's grid, where it will be "saved" for us (on a paper balance basis) for us to use (at no further cost to us) when it is later needed.

R06448-01-s800.jpg

Douglas A. Kerr: Ground-level equipment array

The upper unit in the white assembly at the left is the inverter, which converts the DC power from the solar panel arrays into AC. The lower white unit is a safety switch that can disconnect the DC output of the solar panel array from the inverter proper when needed for maintenance or such.

The watthour meter at the upper right is essentially the familiar utility company meter, which now reckons the net of energy exchange between us and the utility company. The watthour meter just to the right of the inverter reckons the energy produced by the solar energy system. This meter itself is also the property of the electrical utility company. They need to know the amount of energy produces by the solar system as they get incentive payments from the state for having collaborated as needed to make it possible for that much electrical energy to not be needed from the utility network generating facilities.

Since this system went on line (on 2024.12.26) it has generated about 3.1 MWh of electrical energy (this of course being during the lower yield part of the year). The total annual yield is estimated at about 20 MWh.

Finally, here we see Carla's son Larry, who, with his wafe Nona and their puppy Foxy, are "permanent" members of our household here at Dos Palmas, regarding the new master circuit breaker panel that was installed as part of the overall project:

R06352-01-s800.jpg

Douglas A. Kerr: Larry regards the new main circuit breaker panel

Best regards,

Doug
 
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stepphiesecret

New member
The primary array (23 panels of this same type) is located on the rear roof of the main house.

Here we see (with some context) the array of equipment that processes the DC power from the panel arrays into AC and properly couples it to the electrical system of our house in a way such that power produced that is not at the moment needed by the house loads will be fed back to the power utility company's grid, where it will be "saved" for us (on a paper balance basis) for us to use (at no further cost to us) when it is later needed.
This system ensures you only pay for the power you need, while storing excess for future use at no extra cost.
 
SO this is my inverter view as I call it. And then the panels (and yes the back porch needs some work).

Left to right on the inverter view, is the utility meter, then the 3,000 watt string inverter, the 5,000 watt string inverter (2 strings on this one), the solar meter (you might call it the production meter) and below that the system cutoff switch.
The inverters also have turn off switches.
The larger pipe below the utility meter ends up going to my circuit box inside the back porch. With a not, I have a smaller circuit box in my workshop.

Trivia: I am on my 4th utility meter.
The first was the original 1950's era meter, that did NOT go backwards.
The second was installed by the power company when I installed my panels.
The third was installed when the utility computer system got confused and decided that my meter going backwards meant it was a broken meter.
Almost had a fourth after the third one, but managed to convince the utility that time that the meter was NOT broken and it was supposed to go backwards.
And the actual fourth meter was relatively recently installed so it collects all the information in a manner that will eventually allow time of day accounting for net metering purposes.

My system was originally installed in Dec 2009, online in Mar 2010, with 30x 270 watt panels. upgraded in Jun 2015 and fully paid off in Feb 2017 (including interest, all loans, and both storm and squirrel damage. The storm and squirrel damage are unlikely to occur again.

The second image is of the panels themselves. If you note the top most row of panels are slightly higher than the second two rows. This is the result of storm damage which damaged two panels and I only had one spare, so upgrade from 270 to 310 watt panels for the top row and changed the rack system. The original rack system did not like up to its promises, so replaced that with a rack system with a proven track record (as in proven in a Florida Hurricane or two).
With now 8 spare panels, 6 went onto the back porch roof, with micro-inverters. Because at the time, there was still a tree that shaded that part of the roof, so that called for micro-inverters. Optimizers are somewhat newer technology.
I have two spare panels currently, hoping never to need to use them other than for demonstrations.

And a bit of interesting, is that originally the main roof had slate, now it has architectural shingles, as a result the solar panels actually lowered the weight on the roof, instead of the usual adding to the weight, which is why there is a slight upward bend in the middle.

And because I am in Virginia which gets a bit of rain, although still lots of sun, the panels have not yet needed to be cleaned to maintain output. What little dust does accumulate get removed anytime we get more than an inch of snow.

And final note, panels do degrade over time, I planned for this a little bit and thus I used my worst case electricity use, allocated for that, had the solar installed and then have been putting in more energy efficient items in over time. Thus I rarely use more than I produce so far to date. It is my estimate that as of this point my panels are still in the 90% of original range for production and given research indicating degradation slows over time, I expect to still be at over 80% of original production by the 30 year mark.

End result is big fan of solar and love that my electric bill is usually $9.20 a month, with the highest one for this year being $45.95, because of A/C and some equipment in my workshop that sucks electricity.
Of note, I still have natural gas for heating, but then limits to what you can do with a 100 plus year old house in a historic district.

Oh and up until this January, I had been getting SRECs from the Washington DC system, but as of January (i think it is this year anyway) had been getting between $200 and $400 a month form SREC income. Going to miss that as Virginia's is not nearly as high.
 

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Doug Kerr

Well-known member
Hi, Tim,

Thank for that nice overview. You have a nice system.

As to panel degradation, for the panels I have the manufacturer says that degradation of up to 5% per year may be expected. I don't know whether that is a "linear" or "geometric" ("compound') value.

It is interesting that for watthour meters (electromechanical or electronic) there is generally an optional form that will not run backwards when the net power flow is "out". For the electronic ones, there is another optional form that will increase the count for any flow of power regardless of its apparent direction. This is to counter a ploy in which the customer takes the meter out of its socket and replaces it upside-down for part of the month (which of course makes it look to the meter as if the power flow was "out" when actually it is "in").

Of course neither of these options are appropriate for a utility company "net" meter used in connection with a grid-connected solar system.

Best regards, and Happy New Year

Doug
 
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