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Why simple metering gives an average gray image

I've often wondered exactly how it does that.

Google AI said:
Hope the link works ... scroll up to see beginning ...

After much formula manipulation, it says:

"Camera manufacturers build light meters adhering to international standards (like ISO 2720:1974). For a standard handheld meter or camera sensor matrix, typical calibration constants are:

Camera manufacturers build light meters adhering to international standards (like ISO 2720:1974). For a standard handheld meter or camera sensor matrix, typical calibration constants are:

K (Reflected Light Constant) approx 12.5
C (Incident Light Constant) approx 250

Plugging these exact industrial constants into our equation:

R=pi x 12.5/250= approx 0.157 This proves that the system is hardwired to expect a surface reflectance R of roughly 15.7% (mid-gray)."

Not 18%, not 12.5% ...
 
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